Pulse-shaping optimization for high frequency radio networks

ABSTRACT

A method of operating a radio node in a wireless communication network includes communicating utilising signaling. The communication of the utilising signaling is based on performing pulse-shaping pertaining to the signaling. The pulse-shaping is based on a first pulse-shaping parameter beta. Other related devices and methods are disclosed.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure pertains to wireless communication technology, inparticular for high frequencies.

BACKGROUND

For future wireless communication systems, use of higher frequencies areconsidered, which allow large bandwidths to be used for communication.However, the use of such higher frequencies brings new problems, e.g.regarding physical properties and timing.

SUMMARY

It is an object of this disclosure to provide improved approaches ofhandling wireless communication, in particular to improve time domainbehaviour of signaling. The approaches are particularly suitable formillimeter wave communication, in particular for radio carrierfrequencies around and/or above 52.6 GHz, which may be considered highradio frequencies and/or millimeter waves. The carrier frequency/ies maybe between 52.6 and 140 GHz, e.g. with a lower border between 52.6, 55,60, 71 GHz and/or a higher border between 71, 72, 90, 114, 140 GHz orhigher, in particular between 55 and 90 GHz, or between 60 and 72 GHz.The carrier frequency may in particular refer to a center frequency ormaximum frequency of the carrier. The radio nodes and/or networkdescribed herein may operate in wideband, e.g. with a carrier bandwidthof 1 GHz or more, or 2 GHz or more, or even larger. In some cases,operation may be based on an OFDM waveform or a SC-FDM waveform (e.g.,downlink and/or uplink). However, operation based on a single carrierwaveform, e.g. SC-FDE, may be considered for downlink and/or uplink. Ingeneral, different waveforms may be used for different communicationdirections. Communicating using or utilising a carrier and/or beam maycorrespond to operating using or utilising the carrier and/or beam,and/or may comprise transmitting on the carrier and/or beam and/orreceiving on the carrier and/or beam.

The approaches are particularly advantageously implemented in a 5thGeneration (5G) telecommunication network or 5G radio access technologyor network (RAT/RAN), in particular according to 3GPP (3^(rd) GenerationPartnership Project, a standardisation organization). A suitable RAN mayin particular be a RAN according to NR, for example release 15 or later,or LTE Evolution. However, the approaches may also be used with otherRAT, for example future 5.5G or 6G systems or IEEE based systems.

Transmissions in high frequency are subject to a variety of limitationsor conditions for multiple parameters. For example, there are conditionsregarding EVM (Error Vector Magnitude), ACLR (Adjacent Carrier toLeakage Ratio), spectral mask, etc. An optimised PAPR value does notnecessarily indicate low EVM, or high ACLR, such that optimisingtransmissions based on PAPR alone might not be sufficient to achievedesired transmission parameters. It is suggested considering sets ofparameters for optimising, e.g. one or more of input constellation ormodulation, model/s of the power amplifier used, pulse shaping, spectrumutilisation, instantaneous spectrum utilisation and/or location ofallocation in a (system or carrier) bandwidth, subcarrier spacing, ACLR,EVM, spectrum mask. The optimization may aim at optimising apulse-shaping parameter, e.g. beta or a roll-off parameter, to maximiseoutput power (and/or minimise power back-off), while meeting therelevant requirements for ACLR and/or EVM and/or Spectral Mask (whichare usually regulatory in nature).

Accordingly, there is disclosed a method of operating a radio node in awireless communication network. The method comprises communicatingutilising signaling, wherein communicating utilising signaling is basedon performing pulse-shaping pertaining to the signaling, thepulse-shaping being based on a first pulse-shaping parameter beta.

There is also described a radio node for a wireless communicationnetwork, the radio node being adapted for communicating utilisingsignaling. Communicating utilising signaling is based on performingpulse-shaping pertaining to the signaling, the pulse-shaping being basedon a first pulse-shaping parameter beta.

Performing pulse-shaping may correspond to performing pulse-shapingbased on an input representing modulation symbols distributed over afirst frequency range. Alternatively, or additionally, performingpulse-shaping may correspond to performing pulse-shaping based on aperiodic expansion in frequency domain based on beta. It may beconsidered that pulse-shaping is performed based on a modulation of thesignaling and/or an indication indicating the modulation of thesignaling. In general, beta may indicate a roll-off used forpulse-shaping and/or a bandwidth expansion and/or may indicatesubcarriers to be pulse-shaped.

It may be considered that beta is around 0.25, e.g. for a modulation ofBPSK and/or QPSK, and/or with bandwidth extension. This value allowsfulfillment of requirements with optimised transmission power.

Alternatively, beta may be around 0.4, e.g. for a modulation of BPSKand/or QPSK, and/or without bandwidth extension. It may be consideredthat the radio node may switch between operation with bandwidthextension and without.

In some variants, beta may be between 0 and a beta_(max), e.g. for caseswith bandwidth extension. Beta_(max) may indicate a maximum beta forcompliance with a spectral mask requirement.

It may be considered that pulse-shaping is performed such thatmodulation symbols associated to a first set of subcarriers are notpulse-shaped, and modulation symbols associated to a second set ofsubcarriers are pulse-shaped. In some variants, pulse-shaping amodulation symbol associated to a first subcarrier comprises mapping themodulation symbol to an associated second subcarrier, and/or applying ashaping operation regarding the power and/or amplitude and/or phase ofthe modulation symbol on the first subcarrier and the second subcarrier,wherein the shaping operation may be according to a shaping function. Itmay be considered that pulse-shaping may be performed based on aNyquist-filter. Pulse-shaping may be performed based on periodicallyextending a frequency distribution of modulation symbols over a firstnumber of subcarrier to a larger, second number of subcarriers, whereina subset of the first number of subcarriers from one end of thefrequency distribution is appended at the other end of the first numberof subcarriers.

Communicating may comprise transmitting or receiving. It may beconsidered that communicating is based on a SC-FDM based waveform,and/or corresponds to a Frequency Domain Filtered (FDF) DFTS-FDMwaveform. However, the approaches may be applied to a Single Carrierbased waveform, e.g. a SC-FDM or SC-FDE-waveform. It should be notedthat SC-FDM may be considered DFT-spread FDM, such that SC-FDM andDFTS-FDM may be used interchangeably. Pulse shaping may also be referredto as pulse forming, or as filtering, in particular Frequency DomainFiltering (FDF).

The approaches described herein facilitate improved signaling, inparticular with improved time domain behaviour and improved PAPR.Specifically, the impulse response of a signal may be significantlyreduced. The approaches may in particular implement processing asindicated in the detailed description. Some part of the transmissionbandwidth may be used for redundant signaling (copies of somesubcarriers or samples), providing a smoother signaling form with morecompact time domain extension. The proposed parameters are such thatrequirements are fulfilled, while transmission power is optimised.

It may be considered that performing pulse-shaping corresponds toperforming pulse-shaping based on an input representing modulationsymbols distributed over a first frequency range. The first frequencyrange may represent a number of subcarriers, e.g. Nc subcarriers, and/ora transmission bandwidth. The transmission bandwidth may correspond tothe number of subcarriers or samples used for an IFFT operating on asignaling frequency distribution.

In general, performing pulse-shaping may correspond to performingpulse-shaping based on a periodic expansion in frequency domain, and/ormapping an input distribution of modulation symbols over an inputbandwidth to a target bandwidth (which may be larger than the inputbandwidth), e.g. with repetition of some subcarrier sample values. Thedistribution may be after a FFT has been performed. The periodicexpansion may copy or repeat subcarriers (and/or their sample value)from a frequency distribution of modulation symbols (e.g., after an FFT)over a frequency range of a number of subcarriers to additionalsubcarrier neighboring in frequency domain, e.g. at the higher frequencyend and/or the lower frequency end. Thus, a target bandwidth may beused, which may correspond to a transmission bandwidth used fortransmitting the signaling carrying the modulation symbols, or may be anintermediate bandwidth, which may be changed, e.g. compressed, to arriveat a transmission bandwidth. Pulse shaping may be performed withbandwidth expansion, or without bandwidth expansion (in which case thesignaling to be transmitted may be mapped and/or provided such that itcan be fit within the transmission and/or target bandwidth with thecorresponding pulse-shaping parameter or parameters, e.g. beta2 and/orgamma).

The radio node may be a transmitting radio node, transmitting thesignaling, e.g. a network node, e.g. a gNodeB or IAB node or other node;in some cases, it may be a wireless device or terminal or UE. Inparticular, it may be considered that the radio node is a network nodetransmitting signaling. There may be considered variants in which theradio node is a receiving node, e.g. a wireless device or terminal orUE, but cases in which it is a network node like a gNodeB or IAB node orother node may be considered. In some variants, the radio node is awireless device receiving the signaling. The radio node may generally beconsidered to be adapted for (e.g., selectively) utilising differentmodulations (e.g., for transmitting and/or receiving), e.g. according toa set of modulations.

In some cases, it may be considered that pulse-shaping is performedbased on a modulation of the signaling and/or an indication indicatingthe modulation of the signaling. The modulation may be represented orparametrised by an modulation type (e.g., BPSK or BPSK-based, or QPSK orQPSK-based, or QAM, or nQAM, with n=8, 16, 32, 64, . . . ) or modulationorder or modulation index. The modulation order may indicate the numberCP of constellation points available for a given modulation type (e.g.,2 for BPSK or n for nQAM), and may be represented by CP, or by NP, withCP=2^(NP). The modulation index may correspond to pointer or indexindication which modulation type or order to use, e.g. according to atable, which may be configured or predefined for a radio node. It may beconsidered that for a first set of modulations (or modulation types ororders or indices) pulse-shaping is performed, and for a second set ofmodulations it is not performed, and/or that different first and/orsecond pulse shaping parameters are used for different sets and/ormodulations (or modulation types or order or indices). The first setsand second set or further sets may be subsets of the set of modulationsthe radio node is capable of or adapted for using. The first set maycorrespond to low modulations, the second set to high modulations; a setmay generally comprise one or more modulations. A low modulation maygenerally be any modulation with modulation order corresponding to, orlower than nQAM (e.g., for n=8 or 16), or QPSK, or BPSK. High modulationmay correspond to any modulation with a higher order than lowmodulation.

The signaling may in particular control information signaling, e.g. on acontrol channel like a physical control channel, e.g. a PUCCH or PDCCHor PSCCH. Such channels may be transmitted with low modulation andparticularly benefit from the pulse-shaping.

In some cases, pulse-shaping may be based on a first pulse-shapingparameter (beta), which may indicate a roll-off used for pulse-shapingand/or a bandwidth expansion and/or which may indicate subcarriers to bepulse-shaped. The first pulse shaping parameter may be implemented as abeta1 or beta2 value described herein, e.g. indicating the subcarriersto be filtered or expanded or copied relative to the number ofsubcarriers with associated modulation symbols (also considered an inputor original bandwidth) provided for pulse shaping, or relative to atarget bandwidth larger than the input bandwidth.

It may be considered that pulse-shaping may be based on a secondpulse-shaping parameter gamma, which may indicate a bandwidthcompressing. This parameter may be in addition to a first pulse-shapingparameter. Gamma may be selected as a function or factor, e.g. such thatinput bandwidth and transmission bandwidth are equal, with a targetbandwidth (an intermediate bandwidth) larger than the input bandwidth.

In general, for one or more modulations out of a set of modulations,pulse-shaping may be performed, e.g. for a low modulation/s; and/or forone or more modulations of the set of modulations, no pulse-shaping maybe performed, e.g. for high modulation/s.

It may be considered that a first pulse-shaping (beta) parameter and/ora second pulse-shaping parameter (gamma) is dependent on the modulationand/or modulation indication. For example, beta may be lower for lowermodulations (e.g. order or index) than for higher modulations, e.g. suchthat for at least one modulation with a modulation order, beta is lowerthan for a second modulation with higher modulation order (beta may belarger than zero for both). Thus, improved adaptability is provided.

In some variants, pulse-shaping may be performed such that modulationsymbols associated to a first set of subcarriers are not pulse-shaped,and modulation symbols associated to a second set of subcarriers arepulse-shaped. The first set of subcarriers may be those that are notcopied, and/or may be located in the middle of the frequencydistribution.

Pulse-shaping a modulation symbol associated to a first subcarrier mayin general comprise mapping the modulation symbol (or a FFT samplecorresponding thereto) to an associated second subcarrier, and/orapplying a shaping operation regarding the power and/or amplitude and/orphase of the modulation symbol (or a FFT sample corresponding thereto)on the first subcarrier and the second subcarrier, wherein the shapingoperation may be according to a shaping function. The shaping functionmay be a filter or filtering function, in particular a Nyquist filter.The first and second subcarriers may be at different ends of thefrequency distribution, with one or more subcarriers (in particularunfiltered subcarriers) inbetween. The shaping or filtering may besymmetric (e.g., mirror symmetric to the center of the frequencydistribution in frequency domain). The shaping or filtering maycorrespond to multiplying the sample value of the subcarrier/s with afactor smaller than one, wherein for the high frequency end of thedistribution, the factor may decrease with increasing frequency, and/orfor the low frequency end, the factor may decrease with decreasingfrequency. Such decrease may be according to a filter or shapingfunction. The low frequency end and high frequency end may comprise thesame number of subcarriers, and/or a pair of low end subcarrier and ahigh end subcarrier may correspond to the same sample and/or modulationsymbol. Between the high frequency end and low frequency end there may apart of the distribution which is unfiltered or with singularsubcarriers (with no copy or repetition of the sample) and/or filteredwith a factor of 1. The low frequency end and/or high frequency end maycomprise Np/2 subcarriers each.

In general, it may be considered that pulse-shaping is performed basedon a Nyquist-filter. This allows smooth transition while providinginformation redundancy regarding the shaped part.

It may be considered that pulse-shaping is performed based onperiodically extending a frequency distribution of modulation symbolsover a first number of subcarrier to a larger, second number ofsubcarriers, wherein a subset of the first number of subcarriers fromone end of the frequency distribution is appended at the other end ofthe first number of subcarriers. This allows mirroring of samples forinformation redundancy.

A signaling distribution may indicate a distribution of modulationsymbols or samples (e.g., after FFT) or modified samples over frequency,e.g. over a limited bandwidth, for example an input bandwidth or targetbandwidth or transmission bandwidth. The distribution may pertain tosubcarriers representing frequency units. Thus, a signaling distributionmay be referred to as frequency distribution or subcarrier distributionor simply distribution. To each subcarrier, there may be associated adistribution value, e.g. a sample and/or power and/or amplitude and/orphase; the distribution may in particular represent a power spectraldensity (PSD). Shaping or filtering may comprise modifying the samplevalue; shaping or filtering a subcarrier may be understood to refer toshaping or filtering the sample value. The sample value may indicate the(relative) transmission power for the subcarrier, e.g., for transmittingor receiving the signaling. Pulse-shaping a distribution may comprisepulse-shaping one or more subcarriers or samples.

In some variants, communicating may be based on a numerology and/or anSC-FDM based waveform (including a FDF-DFTS-FDM based waveform). Suchwaveforms may utilise a cyclic prefix and/or benefit particularly fromthe described approaches. Communicating may comprise and/or be based onbeamforming, e.g. transmission beamforming and/or reception beamforming,respectively. It may be considered that a beam is produced by performinganalog beamforming to provide the beam, e.g. a beam corresponding to areference beam. Thus, signaling may be adapted, e.g. based on movementof the communication partner. A beam may for example be produced byperforming analog beamforming to provide a beam corresponding to areference beam. This allows efficient postprocessing of a digitallyformed beam, without requiring changes to a digital beamforming chainand/or without requiring changes to a standard defining beam formingprecoders. In general, a beam may be produced by hybrid beamforming,and/or by digital beamforming, e.g. based on a precoder. Thisfacilitates easy processing of beams, and/or limits the number of poweramplifiers/ADC/DCA required for antenna arrangements. It may beconsidered that a beam is produced by hybrid beamforming, e.g. by analogbeamforming performed on a beam representation or beam formed based ondigital beamforming. Monitoring and/or performing cell search may bebased on reception beamforming, e.g. analog or digital or hybridreception beamforming.

In general, communicating may comprise utilising a numerology and/or bebased on an SC-FDM based waveform (also referred to as DFTS-FDM). Thenumerology may determine the length of a symbol time interval and/or theduration of a cyclic prefix. The approaches described herein areparticularly suitable to SC-FDM, to ensure orthogonality, in particularsubcarrier orthogonality, in corresponding systems, but may be used forother waveforms. Communicating may comprise utilising a waveform withcyclic prefix. The cyclic prefix may be based on a numerology, and mayhelp keeping signaling orthogonal. Communicating may comprise, and/or bebased on performing cell search, e.g. for a wireless device or terminal,or may comprise transmitting cell identifying signaling and/or aselection indication, based on which a radio node receiving theselection indication may select a signaling bandwidth from a set ofsignaling bandwidths for performing cell search.

There is also described a program product comprising instructionscausing processing circuitry to control and/or perform a method asdescribed herein. Moreover, a carrier medium arrangement carrying and/orstoring a program product as described herein is considered.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings are provided to illustrate concepts and approachesdescribed herein, and are not intended to limit their scope. Thedrawings comprise:

FIG. 1 , showing an exemplary processing diagram;

FIG. 2 a-c , showing exemplary frequency domain representations afterdifferent processing actions;

FIG. 3 , showing a table of parameters for beta;

FIG. 4 , showing an exemplary radio node; and

FIG. 5 , showing another exemplary radio node.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary processing diagram for a transmitting radionode transmitting signaling based on a FDF-DFTS-FDM waveform as anexample of pulse-shaping. DFTS-FDM (also SC-FDM) waveforms may beconsidered to map modulation symbols to subcarriers for transmission.Each subcarrier may represent a frequency interval (subcarrier spacing,SCS) determined by the numerology used. It should be noted thatcorresponding filtering in time domain may be considered to achievepulse-shaping. The blocks and actions shown may for example beimplemented in processing circuitry and/or radio circuitry, for examplefor baseband processing.

As an input there are provided (e.g., Nc) modulation symbols to betransmitted, e.g. representing higher layer information and/or physicallayer signaling. A modulation symbol may represent some information,e.g. one or more bits, according to the constellation it representsand/or depending on the modulation scheme and/or order used. In aprocessing block (and/or action) A10, which may be adapted to receivethe symbols, the symbols may be mapped to Nc subcarriers or samples in aNc-point FFT, providing a sequence of Nc samples (which may beassociated to subcarriers).

An expansion block or action A12 may be adapted to receive Ncsamples/FFT result and to expand it to Nbw subcarriers/samples and/oronto an target bandwidth. The expansion may be periodic expansion, inwhich samples at one border of the Nc result (e.g., left/lower frequencyborder or right/higher frequency border) are copied and/or repeatedand/or mapped to the other border such that the sequence of Nc samplesis at least partly repeated. The expansion may be parametrised by afirst pulse-shaping parameter (e.g., beta or beta1), which may indicatein this example the relative expansion of subcarrier and/or samplesrelative to Nc (or the corresponding frequency bandwidth). Accordingly,there may hold Nbw=Nc×(1+beta1); wherein for example Nc×beta1 samplesare repeated/periodically extended. Beta/beta1 may for example be 0.3,corresponding to a bandwidth expansion (from Nc subcarriers to Nbwsubcarriers) of 30%; using a beta1 parameter may be considered to usebandwidth expansion or be “with expansion”. This beta parameter mayindicate the relative number of subcarriers to the original Nc (Np/2) tobe subject to filtering. Alternatively, there may be provided aparameter (beta or beta2) as first pulse-shaping parameter, which mayindicate the ratio of periodically extended samples or subcarriers ornumber of subcarriers (e.g., at one end of the frequency distribution)to be subject to filtering relative to the target bandwidth and/or Nbw.This case may be considered as a case “without expansion”. Withbandwidth expansion, the total number of non-zero subcarriers (in thetarget or expanded bandwidth) may correspond to (1+beta)×Nc, whereinbeta may be beta1 and/or be referred to as roll-off factor. The PSD ofthe central (Nu) subcarriers may be flat, the rest of the subcarrier maybe filtered/shaped. Without expansion, the input bandwidth may be scaledwith 1/(1+beta) such that the target bandwidth may be smaller, e.g.corresponding to a transmission bandwidth with smaller size in frequencydomain.

In the target bandwidth, in general, there may be Nu samples orsubcarriers that are singular, and a number Np subcarriers that arecopied or periodically expanded (such that Np/2 corresponds to theoriginal subcarriers of Nc that are repeated or copied or expanded; itmay hold Nc=Nu+Np/2). Np/2 and/or Np may be smaller than Nu (e.g.,depending on beta); the Np subcarriers may be the Np subcarriers fromthe Nc subcarriers or samples with the lowest frequency/number copied toor repeated at the high frequency end of the target bandwidth, or viceversa (Np may comprise subcarriers both at the lower frequency end andthe higher frequency end, and/or on both sides of the Nu subcarriers).In some variants, the periodic expansion may be represented by copyingthe Nc subcarriers periodically multiple times (such that the block ofNc subcarriers is repeated or copied blockwise), and “cutting out” Nbwcontinuous subcarriers, with Nbw>Nc, e.g. depending on beta (beta1 orbeta2). In this case, there may be no correspondence between thesubcarriers at the lower end and the ones at the higher end, but eachsubcarrier in the filtered region may correspond to another subcarrierin the target bandwidth.

In an filtering block or action A14 frequency domain filtering may beperformed. The filtering may shape or form the periodic expandedsubcarriers Np according to a filtering function, e.g. utilising aNyquist filter. The filter may correspond to a roll-off factor, whichmay correspond to beta or a function (e.g. power of) beta, and/or actingon the expanded subcarriers Np. Filtering may be mirror symmetricregarding the Np/2 subcarriers at each end. The filtering may be suchthat the sample of a subcarrier filtered is multiplied with a filteringfactor <1, wherein the factor may decrease towards the respective borderin frequency space (such that the outmost samples are multiplied withthe smallest factors). The filter may be of order p⁻¹ or p⁻²; the samplevalue p filtered, respectively the frequency distribution of samples maycorrespond to power and/or amplitude and/or phase of signaling to betransmitted on the subcarrier. The Nu singular subcarriers may beunfiltered, or in some cases filtered with a larger factor (leading toless filtering effect). Filtering block or action A14 may be consideredto provide a filtered (frequency domain filtered) subcarrierdistribution of samples for transmission. It may be considered that thefiltered distribution is mapped to, and/or corresponds to Nbwsubcarriers, e.g. if the transmission bandwidth (the subcarriers onwhich signaling is to be transmitted) is at least equal to, or is largerthan Nbw (e.g., including some guard band/s). In other cases, thefiltered distribution may be mapped to another bandwidth, e.g.compressed using a compression factor or function gamma, which may beconsidered a second pulse shaping parameter, mapping the distributionfrom Nbw subcarriers or samples to Nf subcarrier or samples, wherein inparticular Nf<Nbw may hold. In some cases, Nf=Nc. In the example shownin FIG. 1 , no compression is performed. In an IFFT block or action A16,the distribution may be subjected to an IFFT operation, for example toprovide a time domain representation. The IFFT in the example isperformed on Nbw subcarriers, but may in other cases be performed on thenumber of subcarriers or samples associated to the distribution. Theremay be additional blocks or actions for processing, e.g. to add cyclicprefix or guard interval, and/or to provide further filtering likewideband filtering for transmission, represented by optional block oraction A18. It should be noted that A12 and A14, or A14 and A16, or A12,A14 and A16, may be combined in one block or action, e.g. to beperformed in the same block and/or simultaneously. For reception,analogous processing may be considered, e.g. in reverse. FIG. 2 a) to c)shows exemplary distributions at different processing stages. In FIG. 2a , the frequency distribution received after FFT (A10) is shown, withNc subcarriers associated to corresponding sample with constantrepresentation. The arrow at the bottom in FIG. 2 a) to c) indicates thetarget bandwidth with Nbw subcarriers. Subcarriers outside of Nc arezeroed in FIG. 2 a) (or disregarded). FIG. 2 b) shows the distributionafter periodic expansion by a factor beta, e.g. according to A12. Inthis representation, Nc may be copied blockwise to the left and to theright, such that the lower frequency subcarriers within the targetbandwidth (indicated by arrow and dashed block) correspond to the higherfrequency end of the Nc subcarriers, and the higher frequencysubcarriers within the target bandwidth correspond to the lowerfrequency end of the Nc subcarriers. However, an approach in which thehigher and lower end within the target bandwidth represent the same Np/2subcarriers may be considered, e.g. the lower Np/2 subcarriers of the Ncsubcarriers, or the higher Np/2, which may be considered to provide amirroring effect. FIG. 2 c shows the filtered distribution, after aNyquist filter has been used on the expanded distribution. In thisexample, some subcarriers Nu in the middle of Nc are unfiltered, whileto the left and right in frequency domain, the filter provides adecreasing factor for the distribution, such that the distributionsrolls off to frequency borders. This generally leads to a shortertime-response (shorter impulse response) when receiving, concentratingthe signaling in time domain. Accordingly, time delay effects which mayspread out the signaling to be longer than the cyclic prefix or guardtime (or have substantial contributions outside of the associated timeinterval) may be lowered, improving signal quality. A receiver willperform analogous reversing operations when receiving the transmittedsignaling. If the lower frequency end is mirrored at the higherfrequency end of the distribution, the respective subcarriers each willbe transmitted with lower amplitude or power, but in the finalprocessing, may be reliably extracted due to being doubly represented.Without mirroring, each filtered subcarrier will have a correspondingsubcarrier in the Nc subcarriers, providing an additional contributionfor reconstructing the signal. In the examples of FIG. 2 , the targetbandwidth may be used for transmission; cases with compression may beconsidered. In some cases, Nc subcarriers or modulation symbols may beprovided such that they fit into a transmission bandwidth using a beta2parameter.

The effect of the suggested pulse shaping may be dependent on themodulation used for signaling; it may be more pronounced for lowermodulation orders. Accordingly, it is proposed to perform pulse shapingbased on the modulation used for transmission, e.g. use pulse shapingfor low modulations (e.g., BPSK or BPSK based, QPSK or QAM), and not forhigher modulations. Beta and/or gamma may be dependent on themodulation. PAPR may be lowered, and/or time domain behaviour ofsignaling may be optimised. The approaches may be considered similar orequivalent to cyclic convolution with QAM symbols spaced out further intime (e.g., with 1/(N_(c)Δf_(subcarrier))

There may be defined a spectral mask that gives a limitation for a PSDover a transmission bandwidth, which may represent a distribution shape.The transmitted PSD may be limited to low below the mask (or at themask) for all subcarriers transmitted on.

FIG. 3 shows a table of parameters found to be particularly interesting,which have been determined based on simulations performed for differentbetas and different parameters. The PA model used is according to 3GPPpublication R4-165901. It appears that ACLR requirements are the mostinfluential. For small values of beta (which may be beta1 withexpansion, and beta2 for without), increasing beta improves PAPR andACLR, as the signal gets smoother, with a roll-off over a largerfrequency interval. There may be used any combination of one or moreparameters for each row shown in FIG. 3 , in particular beta togetherwith an input constellation (modulation type). Due to variability e.g.depending on the PA model used and other parameters, a value beta in arange around 0.4 as roll-off for configurations without bandwidthexpansion may be considered, e.g. 0.3 to 0.45, or 0.35 to 0.42 or 0.38to 0.42, or 0.39 to 0.41. With bandwidth expansion, the main limitationis due to the spectral mask. Any value of beta that leads to the PSD toat most touch the allowed spectral mask from below (but does not crossthe limitation) may be used; there may be a beta_(max) associated tothis value. Any parameter of beta in an interval between 0 andbeta_(max), or beta_(max)/2 and beta_(max), or beta_(max)*3/4 andbeta_(max) may be considered. Suitable values of beta may be around0.25, e.g. between 0.2 and 0.3, or 0.2 and 0.28, or 0.2 and 0.26 or 0.22and 0.26. In some cases, beta_(max) may be 0.25 or 0.26 or 0.27. Allmodulations shown may be considered low modulations.

FIG. 4 schematically shows a radio node, in particular a wireless deviceor terminal 10 or a UE (User Equipment). Radio node 10 comprisesprocessing circuitry (which may also be referred to as controlcircuitry) 20, which may comprise a controller connected to a memory.Any module of the radio node 10, e.g. a communicating module ordetermining module, may be implemented in and/or executable by, theprocessing circuitry 20, in particular as module in the controller.Radio node 10 also comprises radio circuitry 22 providing receiving andtransmitting or transceiving functionality (e.g., one or moretransmitters and/or receivers and/or transceivers), the radio circuitry22 being connected or connectable to the processing circuitry. Anantenna circuitry 24 of the radio node 10 is connected or connectable tothe radio circuitry 22 to collect or send and/or amplify signals. Radiocircuitry 22 and the processing circuitry 20 controlling it areconfigured for cellular communication with a network, e.g. a RAN asdescribed herein, and/or for sidelink communication. Radio node 10 maygenerally be adapted to carry out any of the methods of operating aradio node like terminal or UE disclosed herein; in particular, it maycomprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and/ormodules, e.g. software modules. It may be considered that the radio node10 comprises, and/or is connected or connectable, to a power supply.

FIG. 5 schematically show a radio node 100, which may in particular beimplemented as a network node 100, for example an eNB or gNB or similarfor NR. Radio node 100 comprises processing circuitry (which may also bereferred to as control circuitry) 120, which may comprise a controllerconnected to a memory. Any module, e.g. transmitting module and/orreceiving module and/or configuring module of the node 100 may beimplemented in and/or executable by the processing circuitry 120. Theprocessing circuitry 120 is connected to control radio circuitry 122 ofthe node 100, which provides receiver and transmitter and/or transceiverfunctionality (e.g., comprising one or more transmitters and/orreceivers and/or transceivers). An antenna circuitry 124 may beconnected or connectable to radio circuitry 122 for signal reception ortransmittance and/or amplification. Node 100 may be adapted to carry outany of the methods for operating a radio node or network node disclosedherein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g.processing circuitry, and/or modules. The antenna circuitry 124 may beconnected to and/or comprise an antenna array. The node 100,respectively its circuitry, may be adapted to perform any of the methodsof operating a network node or a radio node as described herein; inparticular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processingcircuitry, and/or modules. The radio node 100 may generally comprisecommunication circuitry, e.g. for communication with another networknode, like a radio node, and/or with a core network and/or an internetor local net, in particular with an information system, which mayprovide information and/or data to be transmitted to a user equipment.

In some variants, reference signaling may be and/or comprise CSI-RS,e.g. transmitted by the network node. In other variants, the referencesignaling may be transmitted by a UE, e.g. to a network node or otherUE, in which case it may comprise and/or be Sounding ReferenceSignaling. Other, e.g. new, forms of reference signaling may beconsidered and/or used. In general, a modulation symbol of referencesignaling respectively a resource element carrying it may be associatedto a cyclic prefix.

Data signaling may be on a data channel, for example on a PDSCH orPSSCH, or on a dedicated data channel, e.g. for low latency and/or highreliability, e.g. a URLLC channel. Control signaling may be on a controlchannel, for example on a common control channel or a PDCCH or PSCCH,and/or comprise one or more DCI messages or SCI messages. Referencesignaling may be associated to control signaling and/or data signaling,e.g. DM-RS and/or PT-RS.

Reference signaling, for example, may comprise DM-RS and/or pilotsignaling and/or discovery signaling and/or synchronisation signalingand/or sounding signaling and/or phase tracking signaling and/orcell-specific reference signaling and/or user-specific signaling, inparticular CSI-RS. Reference signaling in general may be signaling withone or more signaling characteristics, in particular transmission powerand/or sequence of modulation symbols and/or resource distributionand/or phase distribution known to the receiver. Thus, the receiver canuse the reference signaling as a reference and/or for training and/orfor compensation. The receiver can be informed about the referencesignaling by the transmitter, e.g. being configured and/or signalingwith control signaling, in particular physical layer signaling and/orhigher layer signaling (e.g., DCI and/or RRC signaling), and/or maydetermine the corresponding information itself, e.g. a network nodeconfiguring a UE to transmit reference signaling. Reference signalingmay be signaling comprising one or more reference symbols and/orstructures. Reference signaling may be adapted for gauging and/orestimating and/or representing transmission conditions, e.g. channelconditions and/or transmission path conditions and/or channel (or signalor transmission) quality. It may be considered that the transmissioncharacteristics (e.g., signal strength and/or form and/or modulationand/or timing) of reference signaling are available for both transmitterand receiver of the signaling (e.g., due to being predefined and/orconfigured or configurable and/or being communicated). Different typesof reference signaling may be considered, e.g. pertaining to uplink,downlink or sidelink, cell-specific (in particular, cell-wide, e.g.,CRS) or device or user specific (addressed to a specific target or userequipment, e.g., CSI-RS), demodulation-related (e.g., DMRS) and/orsignal strength related, e.g. power-related or energy-related oramplitude-related (e.g., SRS or pilot signaling) and/or phase-related,etc.

References to specific resource structures like transmission timingstructure and/or symbol and/or slot and/or mini-slot and/or subcarrierand/or carrier may pertain to a specific numerology, which may bepredefined and/or configured or configurable. A transmission timingstructure may represent a time interval, which may cover one or moresymbols. Some examples of a transmission timing structure aretransmission time interval (TTI), subframe, slot and mini-slot. A slotmay comprise a predetermined, e.g. predefined and/or configured orconfigurable, number of symbols, e.g. 6 or 7, or 12 or 14. A mini-slotmay comprise a number of symbols (which may in particular beconfigurable or configured) smaller than the number of symbols of aslot, in particular 1, 2, 3 or 4, or more symbols, e.g. less symbolsthan symbols in a slot. A transmission timing structure may cover a timeinterval of a specific length, which may be dependent on symbol timelength and/or cyclic prefix used. A transmission timing structure maypertain to, and/or cover, a specific time interval in a time stream,e.g. synchronized for communication. Timing structures used and/orscheduled for transmission, e.g. slot and/or mini-slots, may bescheduled in relation to, and/or synchronized to, a timing structureprovided and/or defined by other transmission timing structures. Suchtransmission timing structures may define a timing grid, e.g., withsymbol time intervals within individual structures representing thesmallest timing units. Such a timing grid may for example be defined byslots or subframes (wherein in some cases, subframes may be consideredspecific variants of slots). A transmission timing structure may have aduration (length in time) determined based on the durations of itssymbols, possibly in addition to cyclic prefix/es used. The symbols of atransmission timing structure may have the same duration, or may in somevariants have different duration. The number of symbols in atransmission timing structure may be predefined and/or configured orconfigurable, and/or be dependent on numerology. The timing of amini-slot may generally be configured or configurable, in particular bythe network and/or a network node. The timing may be configurable tostart and/or end at any symbol of the transmission timing structure, inparticular one or more slots.

There is generally considered a program product comprising instructionsadapted for causing processing and/or control circuitry to carry outand/or control any method described herein, in particular when executedon the processing and/or control circuitry. Also, there is considered acarrier medium arrangement carrying and/or storing a program product asdescribed herein.

A carrier medium arrangement may comprise one or more carrier media.Generally, a carrier medium may be accessible and/or readable and/orreceivable by processing or control circuitry. Storing data and/or aprogram product and/or code may be seen as part of carrying data and/ora program product and/or code. A carrier medium generally may comprise aguiding/transporting medium and/or a storage medium. Aguiding/transporting medium may be adapted to carry and/or carry and/orstore signals, in particular electromagnetic signals and/or electricalsignals and/or magnetic signals and/or optical signals. A carriermedium, in particular a guiding/transporting medium, may be adapted toguide such signals to carry them. A carrier medium, in particular aguiding/transporting medium, may comprise the electromagnetic field,e.g. radio waves or microwaves, and/or optically transmissive material,e.g. glass fiber, and/or cable. A storage medium may comprise at leastone of a memory, which may be volatile or non-volatile, a buffer, acache, an optical disc, magnetic memory, flash memory, etc.

A system comprising one or more radio nodes as described herein, inparticular a network node and a user equipment, is described. The systemmay be a wireless communication system, and/or provide and/or representa radio access network.

Moreover, there may be generally considered a method of operating aninformation system, the method comprising providing information.Alternatively, or additionally, an information system adapted forproviding information may be considered. Providing information maycomprise providing information for, and/or to, a target system, whichmay comprise and/or be implemented as radio access network and/or aradio node, in particular a network node or user equipment or terminal.Providing information may comprise transferring and/or streaming and/orsending and/or passing on the information, and/or offering theinformation for such and/or for download, and/or triggering suchproviding, e.g. by triggering a different system or node to streamand/or transfer and/or send and/or pass on the information. Theinformation system may comprise, and/or be connected or connectable to,a target, for example via one or more intermediate systems, e.g. a corenetwork and/or internet and/or private or local network. Information maybe provided utilising and/or via such intermediate system/s. Providinginformation may be for radio transmission and/or for transmission via anair interface and/or utilising a RAN or radio node as described herein.Connecting the information system to a target, and/or providinginformation, may be based on a target indication, and/or adaptive to atarget indication. A target indication may indicate the target, and/orone or more parameters of transmission pertaining to the target and/orthe paths or connections over which the information is provided to thetarget. Such parameter/s may in particular pertain to the air interfaceand/or radio access network and/or radio node and/or network node.Example parameters may indicate for example type and/or nature of thetarget, and/or transmission capacity (e.g., data rate) and/or latencyand/or reliability and/or cost, respectively one or more estimatesthereof. The target indication may be provided by the target, ordetermined by the information system, e.g. based on information receivedfrom the target and/or historical information, and/or be provided by auser, for example a user operating the target or a device incommunication with the target, e.g. via the RAN and/or air interface.For example, a user may indicate on a user equipment communicating withthe information system that information is to be provided via a RAN,e.g. by selecting from a selection provided by the information system,for example on a user application or user interface, which may be a webinterface. An information system may comprise one or more informationnodes. An information node may generally comprise processing circuitryand/or communication circuitry. In particular, an information systemand/or an information node may be implemented as a computer and/or acomputer arrangement, e.g. a host computer or host computer arrangementand/or server or server arrangement. In some variants, an interactionserver (e.g., web server) of the information system may provide a userinterface, and based on user input may trigger transmitting and/orstreaming information provision to the user (and/or the target) fromanother server, which may be connected or connectable to the interactionserver and/or be part of the information system or be connected orconnectable thereto. The information may be any kind of data, inparticular data intended for a user of for use at a terminal, e.g. videodata and/or audio data and/or location data and/or interactive dataand/or game-related data and/or environmental data and/or technical dataand/or traffic data and/or vehicular data and/or circumstantial dataand/or operational data. The information provided by the informationsystem may be mapped to, and/or mappable to, and/or be intended formapping to, communication or data signaling and/or one or more datachannels as described herein (which may be signaling or channel/s of anair interface and/or used within a RAN and/or for radio transmission).It may be considered that the information is formatted based on thetarget indication and/or target, e.g. regarding data amount and/or datarate and/or data structure and/or timing, which in particular may bepertaining to a mapping to communication or data signaling and/or a datachannel. Mapping information to data signaling and/or data channel/s maybe considered to refer to using the signaling/channel/s to carry thedata, e.g. on higher layers of communication, with thesignaling/channel/s underlying the transmission. A target indicationgenerally may comprise different components, which may have differentsources, and/or which may indicate different characteristics of thetarget and/or communication path/s thereto. A format of information maybe specifically selected, e.g. from a set of different formats, forinformation to be transmitted on an air interface and/or by a RAN asdescribed herein. This may be particularly pertinent since an airinterface may be limited in terms of capacity and/or of predictability,and/or potentially be cost sensitive. The format may be selected to beadapted to the transmission indication, which may in particular indicatethat a RAN or radio node as described herein is in the path (which maybe the indicated and/or planned and/or expected path) of informationbetween the target and the information system. A (communication) path ofinformation may represent the interface/s (e.g., air and/or cableinterfaces) and/or the intermediate system/s (if any), between theinformation system and/or the node providing or transferring theinformation, and the target, over which the information is, or is to be,passed on. A path may be (at least partly) undetermined when a targetindication is provided, and/or the information is provided/transferredby the information system, e.g. if an internet is involved, which maycomprise multiple, dynamically chosen paths. Information and/or a formatused for information may be packet-based, and/or be mapped, and/or bemappable and/or be intended for mapping, to packets. Alternatively, oradditionally, there may be considered a method for operating a targetdevice comprising providing a target indicating to an informationsystem. More alternatively, or additionally, a target device may beconsidered, the target device being adapted for providing a targetindication to an information system. In another approach, there may beconsidered a target indication tool adapted for, and/or comprising anindication module for, providing a target indication to an informationsystem. The target device may generally be a target as described above.A target indication tool may comprise, and/or be implemented as,software and/or application or app, and/or web interface or userinterface, and/or may comprise one or more modules for implementingactions performed and/or controlled by the tool. The tool and/or targetdevice may be adapted for, and/or the method may comprise, receiving auser input, based on which a target indicating may be determined and/orprovided. Alternatively, or additionally, the tool and/or target devicemay be adapted for, and/or the method may comprise, receivinginformation and/or communication signaling carrying information, and/oroperating on, and/or presenting (e.g., on a screen and/or as audio or asother form of indication), information. The information may be based onreceived information and/or communication signaling carryinginformation. Presenting information may comprise processing receivedinformation, e.g. decoding and/or transforming, in particular betweendifferent formats, and/or for hardware used for presenting. Operating oninformation may be independent of or without presenting, and/or proceedor succeed presenting, and/or may be without user interaction or evenuser reception, for example for automatic processes, or target deviceswithout (e.g., regular) user interaction like MTC devices, of forautomotive or transport or industrial use. The information orcommunication signaling may be expected and/or received based on thetarget indication. Presenting and/or operating on information maygenerally comprise one or more processing steps, in particular decodingand/or executing and/or interpreting and/or transforming information.Operating on information may generally comprise relaying and/ortransmitting the information, e.g. on an air interface, which mayinclude mapping the information onto signaling (such mapping maygenerally pertain to one or more layers, e.g. one or more layers of anair interface, e.g. RLC (Radio Link Control) layer and/or MAC layerand/or physical layer/s). The information may be imprinted (or mapped)on communication signaling based on the target indication, which maymake it particularly suitable for use in a RAN (e.g., for a targetdevice like a network node or in particular a UE or terminal). The toolmay generally be adapted for use on a target device, like a UE orterminal. Generally, the tool may provide multiple functionalities, e.g.for providing and/or selecting the target indication, and/or presenting,e.g. video and/or audio, and/or operating on and/or storing receivedinformation. Providing a target indication may comprise transmitting ortransferring the indication as signaling, and/or carried on signaling,in a RAN, for example if the target device is a UE, or the tool for aUE. It should be noted that such provided information may be transferredto the information system via one or more additionally communicationinterfaces and/or paths and/or connections. The target indication may bea higher-layer indication and/or the information provided by theinformation system may be higher-layer information, e.g. applicationlayer or user-layer, in particular above radio layers like transportlayer and physical layer. The target indication may be mapped onphysical layer radio signaling, e.g. related to or on the user-plane,and/or the information may be mapped on physical layer radiocommunication signaling, e.g. related to or on the user-plane (inparticular, in reverse communication directions). The describedapproaches allow a target indication to be provided, facilitatinginformation to be provided in a specific format particularly suitableand/or adapted to efficiently use an air interface. A user input may forexample represent a selection from a plurality of possible transmissionmodes or formats, and/or paths, e.g. in terms of data rate and/orpackaging and/or size of information to be provided by the informationsystem.

In general, a numerology and/or subcarrier spacing may indicate thebandwidth (in frequency domain) of a subcarrier of a carrier, and/or thenumber of subcarriers in a carrier and/or the numbering of thesubcarriers in a carrier, and/or the symbol time length. Differentnumerologies may in particular be different in the bandwidth of asubcarrier. In some variants, all the subcarriers in a carrier have thesame bandwidth associated to them. The numerology and/or subcarrierspacing may be different between carriers in particular regarding thesubcarrier bandwidth. A symbol time length, and/or a time length of atiming structure pertaining to a carrier may be dependent on the carrierfrequency, and/or the subcarrier spacing and/or the numerology. Inparticular, different numerologies may have different symbol timelengths, even on the same carrier.

Signaling may generally comprise one or more (e.g., modulation) symbolsand/or signals and/or messages. A signal may comprise or represent oneor more bits. An indication may represent signaling, and/or beimplemented as a signal, or as a plurality of signals. One or moresignals may be included in and/or represented by a message. Signaling,in particular control signaling, may comprise a plurality of signalsand/or messages, which may be transmitted on different carriers and/orbe associated to different signaling processes, e.g. representing and/orpertaining to one or more such processes and/or correspondinginformation. An indication may comprise signaling, and/or a plurality ofsignals and/or messages and/or may be comprised therein, which may betransmitted on different carriers and/or be associated to differentacknowledgement signaling processes, e.g. representing and/or pertainingto one or more such processes. Signaling associated to a channel may betransmitted such that represents signaling and/or information for thatchannel, and/or that the signaling is interpreted by the transmitterand/or receiver to belong to that channel. Such signaling may generallycomply with transmission parameters and/or format/s for the channel.

An antenna arrangement may comprise one or more antenna elements(radiating elements), which may be combined in antenna arrays. Anantenna array or subarray may comprise one antenna element, or aplurality of antenna elements, which may be arranged e.g. twodimensionally (for example, a panel) or three dimensionally. It may beconsidered that each antenna array or subarray or element is separatelycontrollable, respectively that different antenna arrays arecontrollable separately from each other. A single antennaelement/radiator may be considered the smallest example of a subarray.Examples of antenna arrays comprise one or more multi-antenna panels orone or more individually controllable antenna elements. An antennaarrangement may comprise a plurality of antenna arrays. It may beconsidered that an antenna arrangement is associated to a (specificand/or single) radio node, e.g. a configuring or informing or schedulingradio node, e.g. to be controlled or controllable by the radio node. Anantenna arrangement associated to a UE or terminal may be smaller (e.g.,in size and/or number of antenna elements or arrays) than the antennaarrangement associated to a network node. Antenna elements of an antennaarrangement may be configurable for different arrays, e.g. to change thebeamforming characteristics. In particular, antenna arrays may be formedby combining one or more independently or separately controllableantenna elements or subarrays. The beams may be provided by analogbeamforming, or in some variants by digital beamforming, or by hybridbeamforming combing analog and digital beamforming. The informing radionodes may be configured with the manner of beam transmission, e.g. bytransmitting a corresponding indicator or indication, for example asbeam identify indication. However, there may be considered cases inwhich the informing radio node/s are not configured with suchinformation, and/or operate transparently, not knowing the way ofbeamforming used. An antenna arrangement may be considered separatelycontrollable in regard to the phase and/or amplitude/power and/or gainof a signal feed to it for transmission, and/or separately controllableantenna arrangements may comprise an independent or separate transmitand/or receive unit and/or ADC (Analog-Digital-Converter, alternativelyan ADC chain) or DCA (Digital-to-Analog Converter, alternatively a DCAchain) to convert digital control information into an analog antennafeed for the whole antenna arrangement (the ADC/DCA may be consideredpart of, and/or connected or connectable to, antenna circuitry) or viceversa. A scenario in which an ADC or DCA is controlled directly forbeamforming may be considered an analog beamforming scenario; suchcontrolling may be performed after encoding/decoding and7or aftermodulation symbols have been mapped to resource elements. This may be onthe level of antenna arrangements using the same ADC/DCA, e.g. oneantenna element or a group of antenna elements associated to the sameADC/DCA. Digital beamforming may correspond to a scenario in whichprocessing for beamforming is provided before feeding signaling to theADC/DCA, e.g. by using one or more precoder/s and/or by precodinginformation, for example before and/or when mapping modulation symbolsto resource elements. Such a precoder for beamforming may provideweights, e.g. for amplitude and/or phase, and/or may be based on a(precoder) codebook, e.g. selected from a codebook. A precoder maypertain to one beam or more beams, e.g. defining the beam or beams. Thecodebook may be configured or configurable, and/or be predefined. DFTbeamforming may be considered a form of digital beamforming, wherein aDFT procedure is used to form one or more beams. Hybrid forms ofbeamforming may be considered.

A beam may be defined by a spatial and/or angular and/or spatial angulardistribution of radiation and/or a spatial angle (also referred to assolid angle) or spatial (solid) angle distribution into which radiationis transmitted (for transmission beamforming) or from which it isreceived (for reception beamforming). Reception beamforming may compriseonly accepting signals coming in from a reception beam (e.g., usinganalog beamforming to not receive outside reception beam/s), and/orsorting out signals that do not come in in a reception beam, e.g. indigital postprocessing, e.g. digital beamforming. A beam may have asolid angle equal to or smaller than 4*pi sr (4*pi correspond to a beamcovering all directions), in particular smaller than 2*pi, or pi, orpi/2, or pi/4 or pi/8 or pi/16. In particular for high frequencies,smaller beams may be used. Different beams may have different directionsand/or sizes (e.g., solid angle and/or reach). A beam may have a maindirection, which may be defined by a main lobe (e.g., center of the mainlobe, e.g. pertaining to signal strength and/or solid angle, which maybe averaged and/or weighted to determine the direction), and may haveone or more sidelobes. A lobe may generally be defined to have acontinuous or contiguous distribution of energy and/or power transmittedand/or received, e.g. bounded by one or more contiguous or contiguousregions of zero energy (or practically zero energy). A main lobe maycomprise the lobe with the largest signal strength and/or energy and/orpower content. However, sidelobes usually appear due to limitations ofbeamforming, some of which may carry signals with significant strength,and may cause multi-path effects. A sidelobe may generally have adifferent direction than a main lobe and/or other side lobes, however,due to reflections a sidelobe still may contribute to transmitted and/orreceived energy or power. A beam may be swept and/or switched over time,e.g., such that its (main) direction is changed, but its shape(angular/solid angle distribution) around the main direction is notchanged, e.g. from the transmitter's views for a transmission beam, orthe receiver's view for a reception beam, respectively. Sweeping maycorrespond to continuous or near continuous change of main direction(e.g., such that after each change, the main lobe from before the changecovers at least partly the main lobe after the change, e.g. at least to50 or 75 or 90 percent). Switching may correspond to switching directionnon-continuously, e.g. such that after each change, the main lobe frombefore the change does not cover the main lobe after the change, e.g. atmost to 50 or 25 or 10 percent.

Signal strength may be a representation of signal power and/or signalenergy, e.g. as seen from a transmitting node or a receiving node. Abeam with larger strength at transmission (e.g., according to thebeamforming used) than another beam does may not necessarily have largerstrength at the receiver, and vice versa, for example due tointerference and/or obstruction and/or dispersion and/or absorptionand/or reflection and/or attrition or other effects influencing a beamor the signaling it carries. Signal quality may in general be arepresentation of how well a signal may be received over noise and/orinterference. A beam with better signal quality than another beam doesnot necessarily have a larger beam strength than the other beam. Signalquality may be represented for example by SIR, SNR, SINR, BER, BLER,Energy per resource element over noise/interference or anothercorresponding quality measure. Signal quality and/or signal strength maypertain to, and/or may be measured with respect to, a beam, and/orspecific signaling carried by the beam, e.g. reference signaling and/ora specific channel, e.g. a data channel or control channel. Signalstrength may be represented by received signal strength, and/or relativesignal strength, e.g. in comparison to a reference signal (strength).

Uplink or sidelink signaling may be OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiple Access) or SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division MultipleAccess) signaling. Downlink signaling may in particular be OFDMAsignaling. However, signaling is not limited thereto (Filter-Bank basedsignaling and/or Single-Carrier based signaling, e.g. SC-FDE signaling,may be considered alternatives).

A radio node may generally be considered a device or node adapted forwireless and/or radio (and/or millimeter wave) frequency communication,and/or for communication utilising an air interface, e.g. according to acommunication standard.

A radio node may be a network node, or a user equipment or terminal. Anetwork node may be any radio node of a wireless communication network,e.g. a base station and/or gNodeB (gNB) and/or eNodeB (eNB) and/or relaynode and/or micro/nano/pico/femto node and/or transmission point (TP)and/or access point (AP) and/or other node, in particular for a RAN orother wireless communication network as described herein.

The terms user equipment (UE) and terminal may be considered to beinterchangeable in the context of this disclosure. A wireless device,user equipment or terminal may represent an end device for communicationutilising the wireless communication network, and/or be implemented as auser equipment according to a standard. Examples of user equipments maycomprise a phone like a smartphone, a personal communication device, amobile phone or terminal, a computer, in particular laptop, a sensor ormachine with radio capability (and/or adapted for the air interface), inparticular for MTC (Machine-Type-Communication, sometimes also referredto M2M, Machine-To-Machine), or a vehicle adapted for wirelesscommunication. A user equipment or terminal may be mobile or stationary.A wireless device generally may comprise, and/or be implemented as,processing circuitry and/or radio circuitry, which may comprise one ormore chips or sets of chips. The circuitry and/or circuitries may bepackaged, e.g. in a chip housing, and/or may have one or more physicalinterfaces to interact with other circuitry and/or for power supply.Such a wireless device may be intended for use in a user equipment orterminal.

A radio node may generally comprise processing circuitry and/or radiocircuitry. A radio node, in particular a network node, may in some casescomprise cable circuitry and/or communication circuitry, with which itmay be connected or connectable to another radio node and/or a corenetwork.

Circuitry may comprise integrated circuitry. Processing circuitry maycomprise one or more processors and/or controllers (e.g.,microcontrollers), and/or ASICs (Application Specific IntegratedCircuitry) and/or FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array), or similar. Itmay be considered that processing circuitry comprises, and/or is(operatively) connected or connectable to one or more memories or memoryarrangements. A memory arrangement may comprise one or more memories. Amemory may be adapted to store digital information. Examples formemories comprise volatile and non-volatile memory, and/or Random AccessMemory (RAM), and/or Read-Only-Memory (ROM), and/or magnetic and/oroptical memory, and/or flash memory, and/or hard disk memory, and/orEPROM or EEPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM or Electrically ErasableProgrammable ROM).

Radio circuitry may comprise one or more transmitters and/or receiversand/or transceivers (a transceiver may operate or be operable astransmitter and receiver, and/or may comprise joint or separatedcircuitry for receiving and transmitting, e.g. in one package orhousing), and/or may comprise one or more amplifiers and/or oscillatorsand/or filters, and/or may comprise, and/or be connected or connectableto antenna circuitry and/or one or more antennas and/or antenna arrays.An antenna array may comprise one or more antennas, which may bearranged in a dimensional array, e.g. 2D or 3D array, and/or antennapanels. A remote radio head (RRH) may be considered as an example of anantenna array. However, in some variants, an RRH may be also beimplemented as a network node, depending on the kind of circuitry and/orfunctionality implemented therein.

Communication circuitry may comprise radio circuitry and/or cablecircuitry. Communication circuitry generally may comprise one or moreinterfaces, which may be air interface/s and/or cable interface/s and/oroptical interface/s, e.g. laser-based. Interface/s may be in particularpacket-based. Cable circuitry and/or a cable interfaces may comprise,and/or be connected or connectable to, one or more cables (e.g., opticalfiber-based and/or wire-based), which may be directly or indirectly(e.g., via one or more intermediate systems and/or interfaces) beconnected or connectable to a target, e.g. controlled by communicationcircuitry and/or processing circuitry.

Any one or all of the modules disclosed herein may be implemented insoftware and/or firmware and/or hardware. Different modules may beassociated to different components of a radio node, e.g. differentcircuitries or different parts of a circuitry. It may be considered thata module is distributed over different components and/or circuitries. Aprogram product as described herein may comprise the modules related toa device on which the program product is intended (e.g., a userequipment or network node) to be executed (the execution may beperformed on, and/or controlled by the associated circuitry).

A wireless communication network may be or comprise a radio accessnetwork and/or a backhaul network (e.g. a relay or backhaul network oran IAB network), and/or a Radio Access Network (RAN) in particularaccording to a communication standard. A communication standard may inparticular a standard according to 3GPP and/or 5G, e.g. according to NRor LTE, in particular LTE Evolution.

A wireless communication network may be and/or comprise a Radio AccessNetwork (RAN), which may be and/or comprise any kind of cellular and/orwireless radio network, which may be connected or connectable to a corenetwork. The approaches described herein are particularly suitable for a5G network, e.g. LTE Evolution and/or NR (New Radio), respectivelysuccessors thereof. A RAN may comprise one or more network nodes, and/orone or more terminals, and/or one or more radio nodes. A network nodemay in particular be a radio node adapted for radio and/or wirelessand/or cellular communication with one or more terminals. A terminal maybe any device adapted for radio and/or wireless and/or cellularcommunication with or within a RAN, e.g. a user equipment (UE) or mobilephone or smartphone or computing device or vehicular communicationdevice or device for machine-type-communication (MTC), etc. A terminalmay be mobile, or in some cases stationary. A RAN or a wirelesscommunication network may comprise at least one network node and a UE,or at least two radio nodes. There may be generally considered awireless communication network or system, e.g. a RAN or RAN system,comprising at least one radio node, and/or at least one network node andat least one terminal.

Transmitting in downlink may pertain to transmission from the network ornetwork node to the terminal. Transmitting in uplink may pertain totransmission from the terminal to the network or network node.Transmitting in sidelink may pertain to (direct) transmission from oneterminal to another. Uplink, downlink and sidelink (e.g., sidelinktransmission and reception) may be considered communication directions.In some variants, uplink and downlink may also be used to describedwireless communication between network nodes, e.g. for wireless backhauland/or relay communication and/or (wireless) network communication forexample between base stations or similar network nodes, in particularcommunication terminating at such. It may be considered that backhauland/or relay communication and/or network communication is implementedas a form of sidelink or uplink communication or similar thereto.

Control information or a control information message or correspondingsignaling (control signaling) may be transmitted on a control channel,e.g. a physical control channel, which may be a downlink channel or (ora sidelink channel in some cases, e.g. one UE scheduling another UE).For example, control information/allocation information may be signaledby a network node on PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) and/or aPDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) and/or a HARQ-specific channel.Acknowledgement signaling, e.g. as a form of control information orsignaling like uplink control information/signaling, may be transmittedby a terminal on a PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) and/or PUSCH(Physical Uplink Shared Channel) and/or a HARQ-specific channel.Multiple channels may apply for multi-component/multi-carrier indicationor signaling.

Signaling may generally be considered to represent an electromagneticwave structure (e.g., over a time interval and frequency interval),which is intended to convey information to at least one specific orgeneric (e.g., anyone who might pick up the signaling) target. A processof signaling may comprise transmitting the signaling. Transmittingsignaling, in particular control signaling or communication signaling,e.g. comprising or representing acknowledgement signaling and/orresource requesting information, may comprise encoding and/ormodulating. Encoding and/or modulating may comprise error detectioncoding and/or forward error correction encoding and/or scrambling.Receiving control signaling may comprise corresponding decoding and/ordemodulation. Error detection coding may comprise, and/or be based on,parity or checksum approaches, e.g. CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check).Forward error correction coding may comprise and/or be based on forexample turbo coding and/or Reed-Muller coding, and/or polar codingand/or LDPC coding (Low Density Parity Check). The type of coding usedmay be based on the channel (e.g., physical channel) the coded signal isassociated to. A code rate may represent the ratio of the number ofinformation bits before encoding to the number of encoded bits afterencoding, considering that encoding adds coding bits for error detectioncoding and forward error correction. Coded bits may refer to informationbits (also called systematic bits) plus coding bits.

Communication signaling may comprise, and/or represent, and/or beimplemented as, data signaling, and/or user plane signaling.Communication signaling may be associated to a data channel, e.g. aphysical downlink channel or physical uplink channel or physicalsidelink channel, in particular a PDSCH (Physical Downlink SharedChannel) or PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared Channel). Generally, a datachannel may be a shared channel or a dedicated channel. Data signalingmay be signaling associated to and/or on a data channel.

An indication generally may explicitly and/or implicitly indicate theinformation it represents and/or indicates. Implicit indication may forexample be based on position and/or resource used for transmission.Explicit indication may for example be based on a parametrisation withone or more parameters, and/or one or more index or indices, and/or oneor more bit patterns representing the information. It may in particularbe considered that control signaling as described herein, based on theutilised resource sequence, implicitly indicates the control signalingtype.

A resource element may generally describe the smallest individuallyusable and/or encodable and/or decodable and/or modulatable and/ordemodulatable time-frequency resource, and/or may describe atime-frequency resource covering a symbol time length in time and asubcarrier in frequency. A signal may be allocatable and/or allocated toa resource element. A subcarrier may be a subband of a carrier, e.g. asdefined by a standard. A carrier may define a frequency and/or frequencyband for transmission and/or reception. In some variants, a signal(jointly encoded/modulated) may cover more than one resource elements. Aresource element may generally be as defined by a correspondingstandard, e.g. NR or LTE. As symbol time length and/or subcarrierspacing (and/or numerology) may be different between different symbolsand/or subcarriers, different resource elements may have differentextension (length/width) in time and/or frequency domain, in particularresource elements pertaining to different carriers.

A resource generally may represent a time-frequency and/or coderesource, on which signaling, e.g. according to a specific format, maybe communicated, for example transmitted and/or received, and/or beintended for transmission and/or reception.

A border symbol may generally represent a starting symbol or an endingsymbol for transmitting and/or receiving. A starting symbol may inparticular be a starting symbol of uplink or sidelink signaling, forexample control signaling or data signaling. Such signaling may be on adata channel or control channel, e.g. a physical channel, in particulara physical uplink shared channel (like PUSCH) or a sidelink data orshared channel, or a physical uplink control channel (like PUCCH) or asidelink control channel. If the starting symbol is associated tocontrol signaling (e.g., on a control channel), the control signalingmay be in response to received signaling (in sidelink or downlink), e.g.representing acknowledgement signaling associated thereto, which may beHARQ or ARQ signaling. An ending symbol may represent an ending symbol(in time) of downlink or sidelink transmission or signaling, which maybe intended or scheduled for the radio node or user equipment. Suchdownlink signaling may in particular be data signaling, e.g. on aphysical downlink channel like a shared channel, e.g. a PDSCH (PhysicalDownlink Shared Channel). A starting symbol may be determined based on,and/or in relation to, such an ending symbol.

Configuring a radio node, in particular a terminal or user equipment,may refer to the radio node being adapted or caused or set and/orinstructed to operate according to the configuration. Configuring may bedone by another device, e.g., a network node (for example, a radio nodeof the network like a base station or eNodeB) or network, in which caseit may comprise transmitting configuration data to the radio node to beconfigured. Such configuration data may represent the configuration tobe configured and/or comprise one or more instruction pertaining to aconfiguration, e.g. a configuration for transmitting and/or receiving onallocated resources, in particular frequency resources. A radio node mayconfigure itself, e.g., based on configuration data received from anetwork or network node. A network node may utilise, and/or be adaptedto utilise, its circuitry/ies for configuring. Allocation informationmay be considered a form of configuration data. Configuration data maycomprise and/or be represented by configuration information, and/or oneor more corresponding indications and/or message/s

Generally, configuring may include determining configuration datarepresenting the configuration and providing, e.g. transmitting, it toone or more other nodes (parallel and/or sequentially), which maytransmit it further to the radio node (or another node, which may berepeated until it reaches the wireless device). Alternatively, oradditionally, configuring a radio node, e.g., by a network node or otherdevice, may include receiving configuration data and/or data pertainingto configuration data, e.g., from another node like a network node,which may be a higher-level node of the network, and/or transmittingreceived configuration data to the radio node. Accordingly, determininga configuration and transmitting the configuration data to the radionode may be performed by different network nodes or entities, which maybe able to communicate via a suitable interface, e.g., an X2 interfacein the case of LTE or a corresponding interface for NR. Configuring aterminal may comprise scheduling downlink and/or uplink transmissionsfor the terminal, e.g. downlink data and/or downlink control signalingand/or DCI and/or uplink control or data or communication signaling, inparticular acknowledgement signaling, and/or configuring resourcesand/or a resource pool therefor.

A resource structure may be considered to be neighbored in frequencydomain by another resource structure, if they share a common borderfrequency, e.g. one as an upper frequency border and the other as alower frequency border. Such a border may for example be represented bythe upper end of a bandwidth assigned to a subcarrier n, which alsorepresents the lower end of a bandwidth assigned to a subcarrier n+1. Aresource structure may be considered to be neighbored in time domain byanother resource structure, if they share a common border time, e.g. oneas an upper (or right in the figures) border and the other as a lower(or left in the figures) border. Such a border may for example berepresented by the end of the symbol time interval assigned to a symboln, which also represents the beginning of a symbol time intervalassigned to a symbol n+1. Generally, a resource structure beingneighbored by another resource structure in a domain may also bereferred to as abutting and/or bordering the other resource structure inthe domain.

A resource structure may general represent a structure in time and/orfrequency domain, in particular representing a time interval and afrequency interval. A resource structure may comprise and/or becomprised of resource elements, and/or the time interval of a resourcestructure may comprise and/or be comprised of symbol time interval/s,and/or the frequency interval of a resource structure may compriseand/or be comprised of subcarrier/s. A resource element may beconsidered an example for a resource structure, a slot or mini-slot or aPhysical Resource Block (PRB) or parts thereof may be considered others.A resource structure may be associated to a specific channel, e.g. aPUSCH or PUCCH, in particular resource structure smaller than a slot orPRB.

Examples of a resource structure in frequency domain comprise abandwidth or band, or a bandwidth part. A bandwidth part may be a partof a bandwidth available for a radio node for communicating, e.g. due tocircuitry and/or configuration and/or regulations and/or a standard. Abandwidth part may be configured or configurable to a radio node. Insome variants, a bandwidth part may be the part of a bandwidth used forcommunicating, e.g. transmitting and/or receiving, by a radio node. Thebandwidth part may be smaller than the bandwidth (which may be a devicebandwidth defined by the circuitry/configuration of a device, and/or asystem bandwidth, e.g. available for a RAN). It may be considered that abandwidth part comprises one or more resource blocks or resource blockgroups, in particular one or more PRBs or PRB groups. A bandwidth partmay pertain to, and/or comprise, one or more carriers.

A carrier may generally represent a frequency range or band and/orpertain to a central frequency and an associated frequency interval. Itmay be considered that a carrier comprises a plurality of subcarriers. Acarrier may have assigned to it a central frequency or center frequencyinterval, e.g. represented by one or more subcarriers (to eachsubcarrier there may be generally assigned a frequency bandwidth orinterval). Different carriers may be non-overlapping, and/or may beneighboring in frequency domain.

It should be noted that the term “radio” in this disclosure may beconsidered to pertain to wireless communication in general, and may alsoinclude wireless communication utilising millimeter waves, in particularabove one of the thresholds 10 GHz or 20 GHz or 50 GHz or 52 GHz or 52.6GHz or 60 GHz or 72 GHz or 100 GHz or 114 GHz. Such communication mayutilise one or more carriers, e.g. in FDD and/or carrier aggregation.Upper frequency boundaries may correspond to 300 GHz or 200 GHz or 120GHz or any of the thresholds larger than the one representing the lowerfrequency boundary.

A radio node, in particular a network node or a terminal, may generallybe any device adapted for transmitting and/or receiving radio and/orwireless signals and/or data, in particular communication data, inparticular on at least one carrier. The at least one carrier maycomprise a carrier accessed based on an LBT procedure (which may becalled LBT carrier), e.g., an unlicensed carrier. It may be consideredthat the carrier is part of a carrier aggregate.

Receiving or transmitting on a cell or carrier may refer to receiving ortransmitting utilizing a frequency (band) or spectrum associated to thecell or carrier. A cell may generally comprise and/or be defined by orfor one or more carriers, in particular at least one carrier for ULcommunication/transmission (called UL carrier) and at least one carrierfor DL communication/transmission (called DL carrier). It may beconsidered that a cell comprises different numbers of UL carriers and DLcarriers. Alternatively, or additionally, a cell may comprise at leastone carrier for UL communication/transmission and DLcommunication/transmission, e.g., in TDD-based approaches.

A channel may generally be a logical, transport or physical channel. Achannel may comprise and/or be arranged on one or more carriers, inparticular a plurality of subcarriers. A channel carrying and/or forcarrying control signaling/control information may be considered acontrol channel, in particular if it is a physical layer channel and/orif it carries control plane information. Analogously, a channel carryingand/or for carrying data signaling/user information may be considered adata channel, in particular if it is a physical layer channel and/or ifit carries user plane information. A channel may be defined for aspecific communication direction, or for two complementary communicationdirections (e.g., UL and DL, or sidelink in two directions), in whichcase it may be considered to have two component channels, one for eachdirection. Examples of channels comprise a channel for low latencyand/or high reliability transmission, in particular a channel forUltra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC), which may be forcontrol and/or data.

In general, a symbol may represent and/or be associated to a symbol timelength, which may be dependent on the carrier and/or subcarrier spacingand/or numerology of the associated carrier. Accordingly, a symbol maybe considered to indicate a time interval having a symbol time length inrelation to frequency domain. A symbol time length may be dependent on acarrier frequency and/or bandwidth and/or numerology and/or subcarrierspacing of, or associated to, a symbol. Accordingly, different symbolsmay have different symbol time lengths. In particular, numerologies withdifferent subcarrier spacings may have different symbol time length.Generally, a symbol time length may be based on, and/or include, a guardtime interval or cyclic extension, e.g. prefix or postfix.

A sidelink may generally represent a communication channel (or channelstructure) between two UEs and/or terminals, in which data istransmitted between the participants (UEs and/or terminals) via thecommunication channel, e.g. directly and/or without being relayed via anetwork node. A sidelink may be established only and/or directly via airinterface/s of the participant, which may be directly linked via thesidelink communication channel. In some variants, sidelink communicationmay be performed without interaction by a network node, e.g. on fixedlydefined resources and/or on resources negotiated between theparticipants. Alternatively, or additionally, it may be considered thata network node provides some control functionality, e.g. by configuringresources, in particular one or more resource pool/s, for sidelinkcommunication, and/or monitoring a sidelink, e.g. for charging purposes.

Sidelink communication may also be referred to as device-to-device (D2D)communication, and/or in some cases as ProSe (Proximity Services)communication, e.g. in the context of LTE. A sidelink may be implementedin the context of V2x communication (Vehicular communication), e.g. V2V(Vehicle-to-Vehicle), V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) and/or V2P(Vehicle-to-Person). Any device adapted for sidelink communication maybe considered a user equipment or terminal.

A sidelink communication channel (or structure) may comprise one or more(e.g., physical or logical) channels, e.g. a PSCCH (Physical SidelinkControl CHannel, which may for example carry control information like anacknowledgement position indication, and/or a PSSCH (Physical SidelinkShared CHannel, which for example may carry data and/or acknowledgementsignaling). It may be considered that a sidelink communication channel(or structure) pertains to and/or used one or more carrier/s and/orfrequency range/s associated to, and/or being used by, cellularcommunication, e.g. according to a specific license and/or standard.Participants may share a (physical) channel and/or resources, inparticular in frequency domain and/or related to a frequency resourcelike a carrier) of a sidelink, such that two or more participantstransmit thereon, e.g. simultaneously, and/or time-shifted, and/or theremay be associated specific channels and/or resources to specificparticipants, so that for example only one participant transmits on aspecific channel or on a specific resource or specific resources, e.g.,in frequency domain and/or related to one or more carriers orsubcarriers.

A sidelink may comply with, and/or be implemented according to, aspecific standard, e.g. an LTE-based standard and/or NR. A sidelink mayutilise TDD (Time Division Duplex) and/or FDD (Frequency DivisionDuplex) technology, e.g. as configured by a network node, and/orpreconfigured and/or negotiated between the participants. A userequipment may be considered to be adapted for sidelink communication ifit, and/or its radio circuitry and/or processing circuitry, is adaptedfor utilising a sidelink, e.g. on one or more frequency ranges and/orcarriers and/or in one or more formats, in particular according to aspecific standard. It may be generally considered that a Radio AccessNetwork is defined by two participants of a sidelink communication.Alternatively, or additionally, a Radio Access Network may berepresented, and/or defined with, and/or be related to a network nodeand/or communication with such a node.

Communication or communicating may generally comprise transmittingand/or receiving signaling. Communication on a sidelink (or sidelinksignaling) may comprise utilising the sidelink for communication(respectively, for signaling). Sidelink transmission and/or transmittingon a sidelink may be considered to comprise transmission utilising thesidelink, e.g. associated resources and/or transmission formats and/orcircuitry and/or the air interface. Sidelink reception and/or receivingon a sidelink may be considered to comprise reception utilising thesidelink, e.g. associated resources and/or transmission formats and/orcircuitry and/or the air interface. Sidelink control information (e.g.,SCI) may generally be considered to comprise control informationtransmitted utilising a sidelink.

Generally, carrier aggregation (CA) may refer to the concept of a radioconnection and/or communication link between a wireless and/or cellularcommunication network and/or network node and a terminal or on asidelink comprising a plurality of carriers for at least one directionof transmission (e.g. DL and/or UL), as well as to the aggregate ofcarriers. A corresponding communication link may be referred to ascarrier aggregated communication link or CA communication link; carriersin a carrier aggregate may be referred to as component carriers (CC). Insuch a link, data may be transmitted over more than one of the carriersand/or all the carriers of the carrier aggregation (the aggregate ofcarriers). A carrier aggregation may comprise one (or more) dedicatedcontrol carriers and/or primary carriers (which may e.g. be referred toas primary component carrier or PCC), over which control information maybe transmitted, wherein the control information may refer to the primarycarrier and other carriers, which may be referred to as secondarycarriers (or secondary component carrier, SCC). However, in someapproaches, control information may be sent over more than one carrierof an aggregate, e.g. one or more PCCs and one PCC and one or more SCCs.

A transmission may generally pertain to a specific channel and/orspecific resources, in particular with a starting symbol and endingsymbol in time, covering the interval therebetween. A scheduledtransmission may be a transmission scheduled and/or expected and/or forwhich resources are scheduled or provided or reserved. However, notevery scheduled transmission has to be realized. For example, ascheduled downlink transmission may not be received, or a scheduleduplink transmission may not be transmitted due to power limitations, orother influences (e.g., a channel on an unlicensed carrier beingoccupied). A transmission may be scheduled for a transmission timingsubstructure (e.g., a mini-slot, and/or covering only a part of atransmission timing structure) within a transmission timing structurelike a slot. A border symbol may be indicative of a symbol in thetransmission timing structure at which the transmission starts or ends.

Predefined in the context of this disclosure may refer to the relatedinformation being defined for example in a standard, and/or beingavailable without specific configuration from a network or network node,e.g. stored in memory, for example independent of being configured.Configured or configurable may be considered to pertain to thecorresponding information being set/configured, e.g. by the network or anetwork node.

A configuration or schedule, like a mini-slot configuration and/orstructure configuration, may schedule transmissions, e.g. for thetime/transmissions it is valid, and/or transmissions may be scheduled byseparate signaling or separate configuration, e.g. separate RRCsignaling and/or downlink control information signaling. Thetransmission/s scheduled may represent signaling to be transmitted bythe device for which it is scheduled, or signaling to be received by thedevice for which it is scheduled, depending on which side of acommunication the device is. It should be noted that downlink controlinformation or specifically DCI signaling may be considered physicallayer signaling, in contrast to higher layer signaling like MAC (MediumAccess Control) signaling or RRC layer signaling. The higher the layerof signaling is, the less frequent/the more time/resource consuming itmay be considered, at least partially due to the information containedin such signaling having to be passed on through several layers, eachlayer requiring processing and handling.

A scheduled transmission, and/or transmission timing structure like amini-slot or slot, may pertain to a specific channel, in particular aphysical uplink shared channel, a physical uplink control channel, or aphysical downlink shared channel, e.g. PUSCH, PUCCH or PDSCH, and/or maypertain to a specific cell and/or carrier aggregation. A correspondingconfiguration, e.g. scheduling configuration or symbol configuration maypertain to such channel, cell and/or carrier aggregation. It may beconsidered that the scheduled transmission represents transmission on aphysical channel, in particular a shared physical channel, for example aphysical uplink shared channel or physical downlink shared channel. Forsuch channels, semi-persistent configuring may be particularly suitable.

Generally, a configuration may be a configuration indicating timing,and/or be represented or configured with corresponding configurationdata. A configuration may be embedded in, and/or comprised in, a messageor configuration or corresponding data, which may indicate and/orschedule resources, in particular semi-persistently and/orsemi-statically.

A control region of a transmission timing structure may be an intervalin time and/or frequency domain for intended or scheduled or reservedfor control signaling, in particular downlink control signaling, and/orfor a specific control channel, e.g. a physical downlink control channellike PDCCH. The interval may comprise, and/or consist of, a number ofsymbols in time, which may be configured or configurable, e.g. by(UE-specific) dedicated signaling (which may be single-cast, for exampleaddressed to or intended for a specific UE), e.g. on a PDCCH, or RRCsignaling, or on a multicast or broadcast channel. In general, thetransmission timing structure may comprise a control region covering aconfigurable number of symbols. It may be considered that in general theborder symbol is configured to be after the control region in time. Acontrol region may be associated, e.g. via configuration and/ordetermination, to one or more specific UEs and/or formats of PDCCHand/or DCI and/or identifiers, e.g. UE identifiers and/or RNTIs orcarrier/cell identifiers, and/or be represented and/or associated to aCORESET and/or a search space.

The duration of a symbol (symbol time length or interval) of thetransmission timing structure may generally be dependent on a numerologyand/or carrier, wherein the numerology and/or carrier may beconfigurable. The numerology may be the numerology to be used for thescheduled transmission.

A transmission timing structure may comprise a plurality of symbols,and/or define an interval comprising several symbols (respectively theirassociated time intervals). In the context of this disclosure, it shouldbe noted that a reference to a symbol for ease of reference may beinterpreted to refer to the time domain projection or time interval ortime component or duration or length in time of the symbol, unless it isclear from the context that the frequency domain component also has tobe considered. Examples of transmission timing structures include slot,subframe, mini-slot (which also may be considered a substructure of aslot), slot aggregation (which may comprise a plurality of slots and maybe considered a superstructure of a slot), respectively their timedomain component. A transmission timing structure may generally comprisea plurality of symbols defining the time domain extension (e.g.,interval or length or duration) of the transmission timing structure,and arranged neighboring to each other in a numbered sequence. A timingstructure (which may also be considered or implemented assynchronisation structure) may be defined by a succession of suchtransmission timing structures, which may for example define a timinggrid with symbols representing the smallest grid structures. Atransmission timing structure, and/or a border symbol or a scheduledtransmission may be determined or scheduled in relation to such a timinggrid. A transmission timing structure of reception may be thetransmission timing structure in which the scheduling control signalingis received, e.g. in relation to the timing grid. A transmission timingstructure may in particular be a slot or subframe or in some cases, amini-slot.

Feedback signaling may be considered a form or control signaling, e.g.uplink or sidelink control signaling, like UCI (Uplink ControlInformation) signaling or SCI (Sidelink Control Information) signaling.Feedback signaling may in particular comprise and/or representacknowledgement signaling and/or acknowledgement information and/ormeasurement reporting.

Signaling utilising, and/or on and/or associated to, resources or aresource structure may be signaling covering the resources or structure,signaling on the associated frequency/ies and/or in the associated timeinterval/s. It may be considered that a signaling resource structurecomprises and/or encompasses one or more substructures, which may beassociated to one or more different channels and/or types of signalingand/or comprise one or more holes (resource element/s not scheduled fortransmissions or reception of transmissions). A resource substructure,e.g. a feedback resource structure, may generally be continuous in timeand/or frequency, within the associated intervals. It may be consideredthat a substructure, in particular a feedback resource structure,represents a rectangle filled with one or more resource elements intime/frequency space. However, in some cases, a resource structure orsubstructure, in particular a frequency resource range, may represent anon-continuous pattern of resources in one or more domains, e.g. timeand/or frequency. The resource elements of a substructure may bescheduled for associated signaling.

Example types of signaling comprise signaling of a specificcommunication direction, in particular, uplink signaling, downlinksignaling, sidelink signaling, as well as reference signaling (e.g., SRSor CRS or CSI-RS), communication signaling, control signaling, and/orsignaling associated to a specific channel like PUSCH, PDSCH, PUCCH,PDCCH, PSCCH, PSSCH, etc.).

In the context of this disclosure, there may be distinguished betweendynamically scheduled or aperiodic transmission and/or configuration,and semi-static or semi-persistent or periodic transmission and/orconfiguration. The term “dynamic” or similar terms may generally pertainto configuration/transmission valid and/or scheduled and/or configuredfor (relatively) short timescales and/or a (e.g., predefined and/orconfigured and/or limited and/or definite) number of occurrences and/ortransmission timing structures, e.g. one or more transmission timingstructures like slots or slot aggregations, and/or for one or more(e.g., specific number) of transmission/occurrences. Dynamicconfiguration may be based on low-level signaling, e.g. controlsignaling on the physical layer and/or MAC layer, in particular in theform of DCI or SCI. Periodic/semi-static may pertain to longertimescales, e.g. several slots and/or more than one frame, and/or anon-defined number of occurrences, e.g., until a dynamic configurationcontradicts, or until a new periodic configuration arrives. A periodicor semi-static configuration may be based on, and/or be configured with,higher-layer signaling, in particular RCL layer signaling and/or RRCsignaling and/or MAC signaling.

In this disclosure, for purposes of explanation and not limitation,specific details are set forth (such as particular network functions,processes and signaling steps) in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the technique presented herein. It will be apparent toone skilled in the art that the present concepts and aspects may bepracticed in other variants and variants that depart from these specificdetails.

For example, the concepts and variants are partially described in thecontext of Long Term Evolution (LTE) or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) or NewRadio mobile or wireless communications technologies; however, this doesnot rule out the use of the present concepts and aspects in connectionwith additional or alternative mobile communication technologies such asthe Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) or IEEE standards asIEEE 802.11ad or IEEE 802.11 ay. While described variants may pertain tocertain Technical Specifications (TSs) of the Third GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP), it will be appreciated that the presentapproaches, concepts and aspects could also be realized in connectionwith different Performance Management (PM) specifications.

Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the services,functions and steps explained herein may be implemented using softwarefunctioning in conjunction with a programmed microprocessor, or using anApplication Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Digital SignalProcessor (DSP), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or generalpurpose computer. It will also be appreciated that while the variantsdescribed herein are elucidated in the context of methods and devices,the concepts and aspects presented herein may also be embodied in aprogram product as well as in a system comprising control circuitry,e.g. a computer processor and a memory coupled to the processor, whereinthe memory is encoded with one or more programs or program products thatexecute the services, functions and steps disclosed herein.

It is believed that the advantages of the aspects and variants presentedherein will be fully understood from the foregoing description, and itwill be apparent that various changes may be made in the form,constructions and arrangement of the exemplary aspects thereof withoutdeparting from the scope of the concepts and aspects described herein orwithout sacrificing all of its advantageous effects. The aspectspresented herein can be varied in many ways.

Some useful abbreviations comprise

Abbreviation Explanation ACK/NACK Acknowledgment/NegativeAcknowledgement ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest BER Bit Error Rate BLERBlock Error Rate BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying CAZAC Constant AmplitudeZero Cross Correlation CB Code Block CBG Code Block Group CDM CodeDivision Multiplex CM Cubic Metric CORESET Control Resource Set CQIChannel Quality Information CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check CRS Commonreference signal CSI Channel State Information CSI-RS Channel stateinformation reference signal DAI Downlink Assignment Indicator DCIDownlink Control Information DFT Discrete Fourier Transform DFTS-FDMDFT-spread-FDM DM(-)RS Demodulation reference signal(ing) eMBB enhancedMobile BroadBand FDD Frequency Division Duplex FDE Frequency DomainEqualisation FDF Frequency Domain Filtering FDM Frequency DivisionMultiplex HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request IAB Integrated Access andBackhaul IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform MBB Mobile Broadband MCSModulation and Coding Scheme MIMO Multiple-input-multiple-output MRCMaximum-ratio combining MRT Maximum-ratio transmission MU-MIMO Multiusermultiple-input-multiple-output OFDM/A Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplex/Multiple Access PAPR Peak to Average Power Ratio PDCCHPhysical Downlink Control Channel PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPRACH Physical Random Access CHannel PRB Physical Resource Block PUCCHPhysical Uplink Control Channel PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel(P)SCCH (Physical) Sidelink Control Channel PSS Primary SynchronisationSignal(ing) (P)SSCH (Physical) Sidelink Shared Channel QAM QuadratureAmplitude Modulation QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying RAN Radio AccessNetwork RAT Radio Access Technology RB Resource Block RNTI Radio NetworkTemporary Identifier RRC Radio Resource Control RX Receiver, Reception,Reception-related/side SA Scheduling Assignment SC-FDE Single CarrierFrequency Domain Equalisation SC-FDM/A Single Carrier Frequency DivisionMultiplex/Multiple Access SCI Sidelink Control Information SINRSignal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio SIR Signal-to-interference ratioSNR Signal-to-noise-ratio SR Scheduling Request SRS Sounding ReferenceSignal(ing) SSS Secondary Synchronisation Signal(ing) SVD Singular-valuedecomposition TB Transport Block TDD Time Division Duplex TDM TimeDivision Multiplex TX Transmitter, Transmission,Transmission-related/side UCI Uplink Control Information UE UserEquipment URLLC Ultra Low Latency High Reliability Communication VL-MIMOVery-large multiple-input-multiple-output ZF Zero Forcing ZP Zero-Power,e.g. muted CSI-RS symbol

Abbreviations may be considered to follow 3G PP usage if applicable.

1. Method of operating a radio node in a wireless communication network,the method comprising communicating utilising signaling, whereincommunicating utilising signaling is based on performing pulse-shapingpertaining to the signaling, the pulse-shaping being based on a firstpulse-shaping parameter beta.
 2. Radio node for a wireless communicationnetwork, the radio node adapted to communicate utilising signaling,wherein the communication of the utilising signaling is based onperforming pulse-shaping pertaining to the signaling, the pulse-shapingbeing based on a first pulse-shaping parameter beta.
 3. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein performing pulse-shaping corresponds toperforming pulse-shaping based on an input representing modulationsymbols distributed over a first frequency range.
 4. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein performing pulse-shaping corresponds toperforming pulse-shaping based on a periodic expansion in frequencydomain based on beta.
 5. The method according to claim 1, whereinpulse-shaping is performed based on a modulation of the signaling and/oran indication indicating the modulation of the signaling.
 6. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein beta indicates a roll-off used forpulse-shaping and/or a bandwidth expansion and/or may indicatesubcarriers to be pulse-shaped.
 7. The method according to claim 1,wherein beta is around 0.25, e.g. for a modulation of BPSK or QPSKand/or with bandwidth extension.
 8. The method according to claim 1,wherein beta is around 0.4, e.g. for a modulation of BPSK or QPSK and/orwithout bandwidth extension.
 9. The method according to claim 1, whereinbeta is between 0 and a beta_(m), Betamax indicating a maximum beta forcompliance with a spectral mask requirement.
 10. The method according toclaim 1, wherein pulse-shaping is performed such that modulation symbolsassociated to a first set of subcarriers are not pulse-shaped, andmodulation symbols associated to a second set of subcarriers arepulse-shaped.
 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein pulse-shapinga modulation symbol associated to a first subcarrier comprises mappingthe modulation symbol to an associated second subcarrier, and/orapplying a shaping operation regarding the power and/or amplitude and/orphase of the modulation symbol on the first subcarrier and the secondsubcarrier, wherein the shaping operation may be according to a shapingfunction.
 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein pulse-shaping isperformed based on a Nyquist-filter.
 13. The method according to claim1, wherein pulse-shaping is performed based on periodically extending afrequency distribution of modulation symbols over a first number ofsubcarrier to a larger, second number of subcarriers, wherein a subsetof the first number of subcarriers from one end of the frequencydistribution is appended at the other end of the first number ofsubcarriers.
 14. A computer program product comprising a non-transitorycomputer readable medium storing instructions executable by processingcircuitry of a radio node to cause the processing circuitry to performthe method according to claim
 1. 15. (canceled)